Contact Phenomena at morphological level in Gostivar Turkish

© Şirin Tufan

GT = Gostivar Turkish
ST = Standard Turkish
MAC = Macedonian
ALB = Albanian

Borrowing of feminine suffixes

Slavic originated feminine markers -ka and -tsa are borrowed from Macedonian and integrated in GT.

arkadaş	'friend'	arkadaş-ka	'female friend'
koyşi	'neighbour'	koyşi-ka	'female neighbour'
küvli	'peasant'	küvlen-ka	'female peasant'

The suffix -tsa is also of Slavic origin. It is also attached to nouns to mark feminine gender:

yalan

'lie'

yalanci-tsa

'female liar'

The Slavic suffix -tsa is also attached to male names to denote somebody's wife (extension of meaning):

dayo	'maternal uncle'	day-tsa	'maternal uncle's wife'
Muzafer	'Muzafer'	Muzafer-itsa	'Muzafer's wife'
Mesut	'Mesut'	Mesud-itsa	'Mesut's wife'
Neçko	'Neçko'	Neçko-ytsa	'Neçko's wife'

Merger of dative/locative

For the expression of directon to: change of case marker used in GT: instead of using the dative -(y)A (as in Standard Turkish), the locative -DA is used, that means the locative case is generalized in GT:

Gostivar Turkish:	Üsküp-te	gid-er-ler,		oku-r-ler
Gostivar Turkish:	Skopje-LOC	go-AOR-3PL		read-AOR-3PL
Standard Turkish:	Üsküp-e	gid-ip,		oku-r-lar
Standard Turkish:	Skopje-DAT	go-CONV		read-AOR-3PL
Macedonian:	Od-at	vo	Skopje	uč-at
Macedonian:	go-3PL	in	Skopje	study-3PL
Albanian:	Shkoynë	në	Shkup	mësoynë
Albanian:	go-AOR.3.PL	to	Skopje	study-AOR.3.PL
	'They go to Skopje, study'

In Macedonian and Albanian "direction towards" and "location in/at" are expressed by the same prepositions, e.g. in Macedonian Odat vo Skopje / Uč-at vo Skopje, Albanian Shkoynë në Shkup / Mësoynë në Shkup 'They go to Skopje / They study in Skopje'.

Loan Verb Integration

New verbs are formed (verbalized) with Macedonian verbal and nominal roots + Turkish etmek 'to do', yapmak 'to do', olmak 'to be':

(1)	a.	GT	Çast	et-tı-k	o-nlar-a
			treat	do-PAST-1P.PL	s/he-PL-DAT
	b.	MAC	Niv	gi	častevme
			them	them-DAT	treat-1.PL.PAST
			'We treated them'

(2)	a.	GT	Her-hal-de	şey,	naviy	ed-er-ler	Fener-e	on-lar
			all-case-LOC	thing	support	do-AOR-PL	Fener-DAT	s/he-PL
			da	çok
			also	very
	b.	MAC	Izgleda	i	tie	navivaat	za	Fener
			seem	and	they	support-3.PL-PR.	for	Fener
			mnogu
			a lot
			'Apparently they also support Fenerbahce a lot'

(3)	a.	GT	Parkir	ed-er-ke	ben	yalnıs	i-dı-m
			Parking	do-AOR-while	I	alone	COP-PAST-1P.SG
	b.	MAC	Jas	bev	sam	koga	parkirav
			I	was-1.SG.-PAST	alone	when	parking-1.SG.-PAST
			'I was alone while parking'

(4)	a.	GT	Mecbur	di:l-sın	skiy	ed-esın
			obliged	not-2P.SG	ski	do-2P.SG.OPT
	b.	MAC	Ne	moraš	da	skijaš
			NEG	have	to-2.SG.PR.-SU	ski-2.SG.-PR.
			'You don't have to ski'

(5)

Di:l-dır

hem

ucuz

artık

ama

not-EP.COP.

also

cheap

anymore

but

açın

yap-ar-sın

komparatsiya

gene

when

do-AOR-2P.SG.

comparison

again

dır

ucuz

odun

EP.COP.

most

cheap

wood

MAC

evtino

vekje

NEG

is-3.SG.PR.

and

cheap

anymore

ama

koga

kompariraš

pak

but

when

compare-2.SG.-PR.

again

drvoto

naj-evtino

wood-DF

most-cheap

'It's also not cheap anymore, but when you compare, wood is still the cheapest'

(6)	a.	GT	Bitevi	devlet	iş-ler-i	privatizir	ol-di
			all	state	work-PL-ACC	private	be-PAST
	b.	MAC	Site	državni	raboti	se	privatiziraa
			all	state	work-PL	are-3.PL.PR.	privatize-3.PL.-PAST
			'All state(public) institutions were privatized'

Compound verbs

(7)	a.	GT	Rutina	al-aim
			routine	take-1SG.OPT
	b.	MAC	Da	zem-am	rutina
			to	take-1.SG.	routine
	c.	ST	Alışkanlık	kazan-ayım
			habit/routine	earn-1.SG.OPT.
			'To get a routine'