Morphoton

Phonological rules

Click to add the rule to the current ruleset.

Secondary articulation rules

Syllabification rules

Mora assignment rules

Footing rules

Stress rules

Morphological rules

Library show/hide

Click to invoke an example derivation

Family	Glottocode	Phenomena	Complexity	Source	Implementation
Algonquian	pota1247	Pronouns	0		Daniel Kaufman
Austronesian	taga1270	Adjectives and nouns	0		Daniel Kaufman
Germanic	stan1293	Causative verbs	0		Daniel Kaufman
Germanic	stan1293	Verb tenses	0		Raphael Finkel
Arawakan	gari1256	Verbs	0		Daniel Kaufman
Arawakan	gari1256	Verbs	0		Raphael Finkel
Semitic	anci1244	Piel Verbs (person, number, gender)	0		Daniel Kaufman
Austronesian	stin1234	Verbs	0		Daniel Kaufman
Austronesian	stin1234	Voice, argument mapping	0		Daniel Kaufman
Romance	lati1261	Verbs (only pres/future, conj 1/2/4)	0		Raphael Finkel
Austronesian	mara1404	person-based clitic ordering using abstract URs	4	Kaufman (2010)	Daniel Kaufman
Austronesian	mara1404	person-based clitic ordering using phonogical URs	4	Kaufman (2010)	Daniel Kaufman
Chadic	marg1267	autosegmental tone	4	Hoffman (1963)	Daniel Kaufman
Romance	stan1288	Verbs	0		Daniel Kaufman
Romance	stan1288	Verbs	0		Daniel Kaufman
Austronesian	taga1270	Verbs	0		Daniel Kaufman
Austronesian	taga1270	Adjectives and nouns	0		Daniel Kaufman
Austronesian	taga1270	syllable-based clitic ordering	4	Kaufman (2010)	Daniel Kaufman
Austronesian	taga1270	Verbs	0		Daniel Kaufman
Romance	lati1261	Verbs (pres/future, conj 1/2/4)	0		Raphael Finkel
Totonac-Tepehua	uppe1275		4	Beck (2004)	Daniel Kaufman

IPA chart show/hide

Voiceless		Voiced
ʦ	Alveolar	ʣ
ʧ	Palato-alveolar	ʤ
ʨ	Alveolo-palatal	ʥ
ʈ͡ʂ	Retroflex	ɖ͡ʐ
t͡ɬ	Alveolar-lateral	d͡ɮ
t͡ɬ̠
p͡f	Bilabial-labiodental	b͡v
p͡ɸ	Bilabial-dental	b͡β
t̪͡θ	Dental	d̪͡ð
c͡ç	Palatal	ɉ͡ʝ
k͡x	Velar	g͡ɣ
q͡χ	Uvular	ɢ͡ʁ

Voiceless		Voiced
k͡p	Bilabial-velar plosive	g͡b
p͡t	Bilabial-alveolar plosive	b͡d

Segments and features Show/hide

Click on rows to see the features in common and not in common.

Segment	syllabic	consonantal	sonorant	continuant	delayed_release	approximant	tap	trill	nasal	voice	spread_gl	constr_gl	labial	round	labiodental	coronal	anterior	distributed	strident	lateral	dorsal	high	low	front	back	tense
a	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	+	-	-	0
b	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
b͡d	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
b͡v	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	-	+	-	0	0	0	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
b͡β	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
c	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	-	0
ç	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	-	0
c͡ç	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	-	0
d	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
d̪͡ð	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
d͡ɮ	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	-	0	0	0	0	0
e	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	+	-	+
f	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	-	0	0	0	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
g	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	0	0	0
g͡b	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	0	0	0
g͡ɣ	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	0	0	0
h	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
i	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	+	-	+
j	-	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	+	-	+
k	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	0	0	0
k͡p	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	0	0	0
k͡x	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	0	0	0
l	-	+	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	-	0	0	0	0	0
m	-	+	+	-	0	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
n	-	+	+	-	0	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
o	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	-	+	+
p	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
p͡f	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	-	0	0	0	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
p͡t	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
p͡ɸ	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
q	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	-	+	0
q͡χ	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	-	+	0
r	-	+	+	+	0	+	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
s	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	+	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
t	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
t̪͡θ	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
t͡ɬ	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	-	0	0	0	0	0
t͡ɬ̠	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	-	+	-	0	0	0	0	0
u	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	-	+	+
v	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	-	+	-	0	0	0	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
w	-	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	-	+	+
x	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	0	0	0
y	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	+	-	+
z	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	+	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
æ	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	+	+	-	0
ð	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ø	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	+	-	+
ħ	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	+	-	+	0
ŋ	-	+	+	-	0	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	0	0	0
œ	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	+	-	-
ɉ͡ʝ	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	-	0
ɑ	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	+	-	+	0
ɒ	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	+	-	+	0
ɓ	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ɔ	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	-	+	-
ɕ	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	+	+	-	+	+	-	+	-	0
ɖ	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ɖ͡ʐ	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ɗ	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ɘ	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	-	-	+
ə	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	-	-	-
ɛ	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	+	-	-
ɞ	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	-	-	-
ɟ	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	-	0
ɠ	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	0	0	0
ɢ	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	-	+	0
ɢ͡ʁ	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	-	+	0
ɣ	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	0	0	0
ɤ	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	-	+	+
ɥ	-	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	+	-	+
ɦ	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ɧ	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	-	+	+	-	0	0	0
ɨ	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	-	-	+
ɪ	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	+	-	-
ɫ	-	+	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	+	0
ɬ	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	-	0	0	0	0	0
ɭ	-	+	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	0	0	0	0	0
ɮ	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	-	0	0	0	0	0
ɯ	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	-	+	+
ɰ	-	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	0	0	+
ɱ	-	+	+	-	0	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	-	+	-	0	0	0	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ɲ	-	+	+	-	0	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	-	0
ɳ	-	+	+	-	0	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ɴ	-	+	+	-	0	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	-	+	0
ɵ	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	-	-	+
ɶ	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	+	+	-	0
ɸ	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ɹ	-	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ɺ	-	+	+	+	0	+	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	+	-	0	0	0	0	0
ɻ	-	+	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ɽ	-	+	+	+	0	+	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ɾ	-	+	+	+	0	+	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ʀ	-	+	+	+	0	+	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	-	+	0
ʁ	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	-	+	0
ʂ	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ʃ	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ʄ	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	-	0
ʈ	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ʈ͡ʂ	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ʉ	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	-	-	+
ʊ	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	-	+	-
ʋ	-	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	-	+	-	0	0	0	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ʌ	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	-	+	-
ʍ	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	-	+	+
ʎ	-	+	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	-	+	+	+	-	+	-	0
ʏ	+	-	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	+	-	+	-	-
ʐ	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ʑ	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	+	+	-	+	+	-	+	-	0
ʒ	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ʔ	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ʕ	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	+	-	+	0
ʙ	-	+	+	+	0	+	-	+	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ʛ	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	-	+	0
ʝ	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	-	-	+	+	-	+	-	0
ʟ	-	+	+	+	0	+	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	+	+	+	-	0	0	0
ʣ	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	+	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ʤ	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ʥ	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	+	+	-	+	+	-	+	-	0
ʦ	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	-	+	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ʧ	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
ʨ	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	+	+	-	+	+	-	+	-	0
β	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
θ	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	-	0	0	0	0	0
χ	-	+	-	+	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0	0	0	-	+	-	-	-	+	0

Instructions

Credits

Design and implementation: Raphael Finkel (University of Kentucky), Daniel Kaufman (Queens College, Endangered Language Alliance). The IPA charts are based on these. The table of segments and features is based on Bruce Hayes, 2009, Introductory Phonology, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN: 1405184116, ISBN13: 9781405184113. The IPA reader is by Katie Linero.

Version 1.0 show/hide

1.0 "Literate" comments. Enter in the colored background causes a resubmit.
0.9 Dark theme. Reorganization of inputs. Feature lists in changes in «morph» and «cat» tiers.
0.8 Checkbox to show all tiers. Expected results. Log of requests.
0.7 Block-level conditions. Custom phonemes as a modification of an existing phoneme. Constraints with ↑.
0.6 MPS name ending with ?. Multiple regions for a rule: 0 or more constraints, 0 or more changes. Constraints with ↓. Multiple binary values within a single MPS.
0.5 Full if-then-else syntax. Template section may be omitted.
0.4 Condensed result table. Disallowed MPSs. Pattern-based constraints. Changes to «cat» and «morph» tiers.
0.3 Replacements containing ␣. MPS listed as all.
0.2 Named rules. Negative conditions.
0.1 all blocks. Constraints on tiers. Initial version.

ʍ	Voiceless labial-velar fricative
w	Voiced labial-velar approximant
ɥ	Voiced labial-palatal approximant
ʜ	Voiceless epiglottal fricative
ʢ	Voiced epiglottal fricative
ʡ	Epiglottal plosive
ɕ	Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative
ʑ	Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative
ɺ	Alveolar lateral flap
ɧ	Simultaneous ʃ and x
ɫ	Simultaneous palatal and uvular

syllabic	+	–	any
consonantal	+	–	any
sonorant	+	–	any
continuant	+	–	any
delayed_release	+	–	any
approximant	+	–	any
tap	+	–	any
trill	+	–	any
nasal	+	–	any
voice	+	–	any
spread_gl	+	–	any
constr_gl	+	–	any
labial	+	–	any
round	+	–	any
labiodental	+	–	any
coronal	+	–	any
anterior	+	–	any
distributed	+	–	any
strident	+	–	any
lateral	+	–	any
dorsal	+	–	any
high	+	–	any
low	+	–	any
front	+	–	any
back	+	–	any
tense	+	–	any

Morphoton: Morphological rule engine (morphoton)

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Input values

Rule blocks

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Phonological rules

Secondary articulation rules

Syllabification rules

Mora assignment rules

Footing rules

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Morphological rules

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Vowels

Consonants

Other Symbols

Affricates

Doubly-articulated stops

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	Front		Near-front			Central			Near-back			Back
Close	i	y					ɨ	ʉ				ɯ	u
Near-Close			ɪ	ʏ							ʊ
Close-mid		e		ø			ɘ		ɵ			ɤ	o
Mid								ə
Open-mid				ɛ		œ				ɞ		ʌ	ɔ
Near-Open					æ	ɶ
Open							a					ɑ	ɒ

	Bilabial		Labiodental		Dental		Alveolar		Post alveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal		Glottal
Plosive	p	b					t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	g	q	ɢ			ʔ
Implosive		ɓ						ɗ						ʄ		ɠ		ʛ
Nasal		m		ɱ				n				ɳ		ɲ		ŋ		ɴ
Trill		ʙ						r										ʀ
Tap or Flap								ɾ				ɽ
Fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ	ð	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Lateral fricative							ɬ	ɮ
Approximant				ʋ				ɹ				ɻ		j		ɰ
Lateral approximant								l				ɭ		ʎ		ʟ

Morphoton: Morphological rule engine (morphoton)

Metadata show/hide

Preamble show/hide

Input values

Rule blocks

Sample rules show/hide

Phonological rules

Secondary articulation rules

Syllabification rules

Mora assignment rules

Footing rules

Stress rules

Morphological rules

Library show/hide

IPA chart show/hide

Vowels

Consonants

Other Symbols

Affricates

Doubly-articulated stops

Segments and features Show/hide Clear selection

Instructions

Credits

Version 1.0 show/hide

Segments and features Show/hide